Chemical Constituents of Bark of Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble with Anticancer, Anti-Streptococcus pyogenes, Anti-Bacillus cereus and Anti Plesiomonas shigelloides Activities

Lauraceae is a family medicinal plant whose tubers possesses antimicrobial, and cytotoxic, such as antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory special effects and has been used for the medicine in the cure of hepatitis and rheumatism. The antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds including one neolignan; kunstlerone (1) and two alkaloids include isocaryachine (2) and noratherosperminine (3) as well as crude hexane, methanol and dichloromethane extracts were evaluated. Additionally, the effect of compounds 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated on A549, PC-3, A375, HT-29 and WRL-68 cell lines. In conclusion, kunstlerone 1 showed moderate cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines such as A549, PC-3, A375, HT-29 and WRL-68, respectively with EC₅₀ values of 28.02, 26.78, 33.78, 33.65 and 16.46 µg/mL. The crude methanol extract showed antigrowth activity against S. pyogenes II and B. cereus, with MICs of 256 µg/mL. The compounds kunstlerone (1), isocaryachine (2) and noratherosperminine (3) showed complete inhibition against P. shigelloides, with MIC ≤60 µg/mL compare to ampicillin, as a positive control, which showed antigrowth activity against P. shigelloides at MIC 10 µg/mL.

Plesiomonas shigelloides exports a lethal cytotoxic-enterotoxin (LCE) by membrane vesicles

ABSTRACT Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from water in Brazil was previously described as a hemorrhagic heat-labile cytotoxic-enterotoxin producer. We purified this toxin from culture supernatants using ion metallic affinity chromatography (IMAC) followed by molecular exclusion chromatography. The pure toxin presented molecular mass of 50 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) around 6.9 by 2D electrophoresis. When injected intravenously, the purified cytotoxic-enterotoxin induced also severe spasms followed by sudden death of mice. Hence, we entitled it as lethal cytotoxic-enterotoxin (LCE). The presence of membrane vesicles (MVs) on cell surfaces of P. shigelloides was observed by scan electron microscopy (SEM). From these MVs the LCE toxin was extracted and confirmed by biological and serological assays. These data suggest that P. shigelloides also exports this cytotoxic-enterotoxin by membrane vesicles, a different mechanism of delivering extra cellular virulence factors, so far not described in this bacterium.

Annual Report on External Quality Assessment Scheme for Clinical Microbiology in Korea (2014)

Annual proficiency surveys were performed in March, June and September 2014 by clinical microbiology division of The Korean Association of Quality Assurance for Clinical Laboratory. Parasitology part has been newly incorporated in this survey. For each trial, three sets which were composed of different combinations of five bacteria and yeast were distributed for gram stain, culture, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of general bacteriology and five fixed sputum smear on slides were distributed for acid fast bacilli stain. Two advanced bacteriology survey materials for culture and identification of anaerobic bacteria and mold were distributed to the voluntary participants in every trial and five mycobacterial culture and identification specimens, five anti-tuberculosis susceptibility testing specimens, and two Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains for rapid detection of rifampin and isoniazid resistance were distributed to the voluntary participants in March and June trials. Five virtual microscopic slides for stool parasite examination were open for the registered participants in June trial. A total of 340 laboratories were enrolled and 330 (97.0%), 331 (97.4%), and 331 (97.4%) returned the results on trial I, II, and III, respectively. For bacterial identification, the percent acceptable identification of Burkholderia cepacia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Enterococcus faecalis were greater than 95%. Group C and group D Salmonella species challenged as the different sets of M1422 resulted in the acceptable rate lower than 95% because nine participants reported the identification of different sets. Surveillance cultures for methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were correctly determined by 89.6% and 69.0% of the respondents, respectively. Correct identification to species level of Candida albicans, Candida auris, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis were 86.1%, 1.6%, 48.1%, and 83.8%. Vancomycin disk diffusion test in S. aureus, missing oxacillin screen or penicillin susceptibility test in S. pneumoniae and lack of reliable methods of quinolone resistance detection in Salmonella species caused unacceptable results in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Advanced bacteriology trials revealed low performance in species identification of mold. Mycobacterial culture, identification and susceptibility test performance was kept in excellence. The performance of identification of stool parasites was acceptable >90% for detection of helminth eggs and amebic cysts but 28.6% false positive responses resulted from negative specimens. In conclusion, species-level identification of fungi of both candida species and mold were challenging to clinical microbiology laboratories. Vancomycin disk diffusion method for S. aureus and lack of proper penicillin susceptibility test for S. pneumoniae were still common cause of inaccurate results. Virtual microscopic survey has been successfully introduced in parasitology.

Trends in Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enteropathogenic Bacteria in 2001-2010 at a Korean Tertiary Care Hospital / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUND: Trends in the isolation of enteropathogenic bacteria may differ depending on environmental sanitation. The aims of this study were to determine trends in the isolation and antimicrobial resistance patterns of enteropathogenic bacteria over the last 10 years. METHODS: We analyzed stool cultures of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Yersinia spp., Vibrio spp., and Campylobacter spp. collected at Severance Hospital between 2001 and 2010. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method for nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) and Campylobacter. RESULTS: The number of specimens for stool culture significantly increased from 13,412 during 1969-1978 to 60,714 over the past 10 years, whereas the ratio of positive specimens significantly decreased from 12.9% (1,732) to 1.1% (648). The proportion of Salmonella Typhi decreased from 97.2% in 1969-1978 to 0.8% in 2001-2010, whereas the proportion of NTS increased from 2.8% to 99.2%. The proportion of Shigella among all enteric pathogens was over 50% from 1969 to 1983, while only seven strains were isolated from 2001 to 2010, with the exception of one outbreak. Campylobacter is the second most prevalent organism. The rates of susceptibility to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole were 61% and 92%, respectively, for NTS isolated from 2006 to 2010. The ciprofloxacin susceptibility rate was 79.5% for Campylobacter between 2006 and 2010. CONCLUSION: The number of isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Shigella significantly decreased, while the proportion of NTS and Campylobacter increased. Continuous monitoring of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter isolates is necessary.

Caracterización de factores de virulencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en cepas de Plesiomonas shigelloides aisladas de pacientes con diarrea aguda en Cuba / Virulence factors and in vitro susceptibility of Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from diarrhea episodes in Cuba

Acute diarrhea is still one of the main causes of disease in developing countries. At the National Reference Laboratory for Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases, of the "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, 54 Plesiomonas shigelloides strains were serotyped. As a result, the circulation of four new serotypes (O20:H2, 056:H18, 071 :H31,081 :H22) was detected. The most common antigenic variant was 094:H3. In addition, the susceptibility pattern to 21 antimicrobial agents (AA) was studied. Highest percentages of resistance were observed to ampicillin (77.7 percent), tetracycline (29.2 percent), and erythromycin (18.5 percent) while, to all other AA the resistance percentages were under 33 percent. There was no evidence of association between the serotypes and the multi-resistance patterns present in the strains under study. The frequency of virulence factors was determined: 21.15 percent of the strains turned out to be ß-haemolytic; 73.7 percent showed the presence of biofilm and 92.31 percent were hydrophobic. In 17.3 percent of the strains, the three virulence factors analysed were present. When establishing the relationship among the different virulence factors and the serotypes of the strains through cross reaction with the Shigella genus, there was evidence that 93.3 percent of the strains showed at least one of the virulence factors studied. Likewise, at least one of the virulence factors analysed was present in 90.9 percent of the multi-resistant strains.

La diarrea aguda (DA) continúa siendo una de las principales causas de consulta en los países en vías de desarrollo. Un agente de baja prevalencia en DA es Plesiomonas shigelloides. En el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda del IPK se estudiaron 54 cepas conservadas de P. shigelloides. Se determinó el serotipo detectándose por primera vez en el país la circulación de cuatro serotipos (O20:H2, 056:H18, 07LH31, 08LH22) así como la vanante antigénica de mayor prevalencia (094:H3). Se estudió el comportamiento de las cepas frente a 21 agentes antimicrobianos obteniéndose los mayores porcentajes de resistencia frente a ampicilina (77,7 por ciento), tetraciclina (29,2 por cientoo) y eritromicina (18,5 por ciento) mientras que para el resto se obtuvieron porcentajes de resistencia inferior a 33 por cientoo. No se evidenció asociación entre los serotipos y los patrones de multi-resistencia presentes en las cepas del estudio. Se estudiaron los factores de virulencia: actividad hemolítica, producción de exo-polisacáridos y adherencia a hidrocarburos. El 22,2 por ciento de las cepas resultaron B hemolíticas, 72,2 por cientoo presentó bio-película y 92,31 por ciento fueron hidrofóbicas. El 17,3 por ciento de las cepas presentaron los tres factores de virulencia. Estableciendo una relación entre los factores de virulencia y los serotipos de las cepas con reacción cruzada con el género Shigella se evidenció que 93,3 por cientoo de las cepas presentaron al menos uno de los factores de virulencia. El 90,9 por cientoo de las cepas multi-resistentes presentó al menos uno de ellos.

Aislamiento e identificación de Aeromonas y Plesiomonas en el embalse Niña Bonita, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba / Isolation and identification of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas in Niña Bonita dam in City of Havana province, Cuba

Objetivo: se realizó un estudio del agua del embalse Niña Bonita situado en Ciudad de La Habana para conocer la circulación de microorganismos de los géneros Aeromonas y Plesiomonas. Métodos: se colocaron 10 hisopos de Moore en diferentes puntos del embalse en 2002, los cuales fueron trabajados en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Enfermedades Diarreicas Agudas del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí. Las especies del género Aeromonas se determinaron aplicando los esquemas Aerokey II y Aeroesquema, este último fue además utilizado para la identificación de Plesiomonas. El serotipaje se realizó según el Esquema de Serotipaje Internacional. Resultados: de los hisopos se aislaron 23 cepas, de las cuales 18 (78 por ciento) pertenecían al género Aeromonas y 5 (22 por ciento) al género Plesiomonas. Las especies de Aeromonas identificadas en orden de frecuencia resultaron: A. veronii bv sobria (33 por ciento), A. trota (28 por ciento), A. jandaei (22,5 por ciento), A. hydrophila (11 por ciento) y A. caviae (5,5 por ciento). De las 5 cepas de Plesiomonas shigelloides, 3 resultaron no tipables y 2 pertenecían a los serotipos O9:H2 y O76:H39; este último circulaba por primera vez en Cuba. Conclusiones: se demostró la presencia de cepas de Aeromonas y Plesiomonas en el embalse Niña Bonita, que pudieran constituir un riesgo para la salud humana.

Objective: A study on Niña Bonita reservoir waters located in City of Havana province was conducted to find out the circulation of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas genus microorganisms. Methods: Ten Moore swabs were placed at different points of this reservoir in 2002, which were examined in the National Reference Laboratory of Diarrheal Diseases of Pedro Kourí Institute. Aeromonas species were determined through Aerokey II and Aeroesquema schemes, being the latter also used for Plesiomonas detection. Serotyping was performed according to the International Serotyping Scheme. Results: twenty three strains were isolated from the swabs of which 18 (78 por ciento) belonged to the Aeromonas genus and 5 (22 percent) to Plesiomonas genus. In order of frequency, the identified Aeromonas species were A. veroniir bv sobria (33 por ciento), A. trota (28 percent), A. jandaei (22.5 percent), A. hydrophila (11 percent) and A. caviae (5.5 percent). Out of the 5 Plesiomonas shigelloides strains, 3 were non-typable and 2 corresponded to serotypes O9:H2 and O76:H39, being the latter detected for the first time in our country. Conclusions: The circulation of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas strains in Niña Bonita reservoir was confirmed, which could pose a risk for human health.

Novo meio seletivo-indicador para detecção de Aeromonas e Plesiomonas: ágar UNISC / New selective indicator medium for detection of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas: UNISC agar

Avaliou-se um novo meio seletivo-indicador (ágar UNISC) para o isolamento de enteropatógenos clássicos e Aeromonas e Plesiomonas shigelloides. A capacidade de fermentação da xilose é indicada pela coloração amarela (fermentadores) ou azul (não fermentadores) que, aliada à prova da oxidase, constitui-se em indicador para a detecção de Aeromonas spp e Plesiomonas shigelloides. A produtividade e seletividade, avaliadas pelos índice de contagem absoluta e índice de contagem relativa indicam-no como uma alternativa aos coprocultivos clássicos porque permite, num só meio, o isolamento de Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, bem como, Aeromonas spp e Plesiomonas shigelloides, favorecendo o diagnóstico laboratorial das gastroenterites.

We evaluated a new selective indicator medium (UNISC Agar) for isolation of classical enteropathogens, Aeromonas spp and Plesiomonas shigelloides. The xylose fermentation capacity is indicated by a yellow color (fermenting agents) or blue (no fermenting agent). This, together with the oxidase test, establishes it as an indicator for detecting Aeromonas and Plesiomonas shigelloides. Its productivity and selectivity, as assessed using the absolute count index and relative count index, indicate it as an alternative to the classical feces culturing media. This is because, in a single medium, it enables isolation of Escherichia coli, Shigella spp and Salmonella spp, in addition to Aeromonas and Plesiomonas shigelloides, thereby favoring the laboratory diagnosis of gastroenteritis.

Contamination of community water sources by potentially pathogenic vibrios following sea water inundation.

Potentially pathogenic members of the Vibrionaceae family including Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahemolyticus were isolated from domestic sources of drinking water in coastal villages following sea water inundation during the tsunami in Southern India. Phenotypic and genotypic studies were done to confirm the identity and detection of toxins. Vibrio-gyr (gyrase B gene) was detected in all sixteen vibrio isolates. Toxin regulating genes i.e.: ctx gene, tdh gene, and trh gene, however were not detected in any of the strains, thereby ruling out presence of toxins which could endanger human life. Other potentially pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas and Plesiomonas were also isolated from hand pumps and wells, in a few localities. There was no immediate danger in the form of an outbreak or sporadic gastroenteritis at the time of the study. Timely chlorination and restoration of potable water supply to the flood affected population by governmental and nongovernmental agencies averted waterborne gastroenteritis. Assessment of quality of water and detection of potential virulent organisms is an important public health activity following natural disasters. This work highlights the importance of screening water sources for potentially pathogenic microorganisms after natural disasters to avert outbreaks of gastroenteritis and other infectious diseases.

Aislamiento e identificación de especies pertenecientes a los géneros Aeromonas, Vibrio y Plesiomonas procedentes de muestras extra-intestinales en Cuba / Isolation and identification of species from the genera Aeromonas, Vibrio, and Plesiomonas from extraintestinal samples in Cuba

Las infecciones extra-intestinales producidas por los géneros Aeromonas, Vibrio y Plesiomonas presentan una elevada tasa de morbimortalidad en diferentes áreas geográficas. De enero 2002 a diciembre 2003 se recibieron en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Enfermedades Diarreicas Agudas del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, 95 cepas de bacilos gramnegativos, anaerobios facultativos, oxi-dasa positiva, procedentes de muestras extra-intestinales (hemocultivos, exudados óticos, pus de heridas, exudados conjuntivales, urocultivos, catéter, entre otras) remitidas de diferentes provincias del país. Se demostró la presencia de Aeromonas caviae, Aero-monas veronii bv sobria, Aeromonas jandaei, Vibrio cholerae no -O1, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio fluvialis y Plesiomonas shigelloides en las muestras estudiadas.

Extraintestinal infections caused by the genera Aeromonas, Vibrio and Plesiomonas have high morbidity and mortality rates in different areas of world. From January 2002 to December 2003, the National Reference Laboratory for Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases of the Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute received 95 gramnegative, facultative anaerobic, oxidase positive bacilli strains from different extraintestinal specimen (blood, ear exudates, infected wounds, conjunctive exudates, urine, and catheters, among others) sent by different provincial laboratories along the country. Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas veronii bv sobria, Aeromonas jandaei, Vibrio cholerae no-O1, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio fluvialis and Plesiomonas shigelloides were the species most frequently found in the sample analysed.

Enteropatógenos bacterianos em peixes criados em uma estação de reciclagem de nutrientes e no ecossistema relacionado / Bacterial enteropathogens from fishes of a nutrient recycle system and its ecosystem

Avaliou-se a presença de enteropatógenos bacterianos em 72 amostras obtidas a partir de peixes criados em sistema de reciclagem de nutrientes, em estação experimental, no município de Petrópolis, RJ. Paralelamente, foram obtidas amostras do lodo utilizado como adubo orgânico e da cama de aves localizada na área interna dos tanques criatórios. A metodologia empregada incluiu o pré-enriquecimento em Caldo Lactosado e Agua Peptonada Tamponada, seguido de enriquecimento em Agua Peptonada Alcalina (pH 8,4-8,6) e subseqüente semeadura em Agar GSP para o isolamento de Aeromonas spp. e Plesiomonas shigelloides. Para os demais microrganismos, alíquotas de 1ml foram inoculadas nos meios de enriquecimento Caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis e Caldo Tetrationato de Kauffmann com posterior semeadura em Agar Entérico Hektoen e Agar Salmonella-Shigella. Com a finalidade de monitorar o índice de coliformes fecais, visando conhecer a qualidade da água para este sistema, paralelamente à coleta de peixes foram avaliadas amostras de água dos tanques criatórios e de macrófitas. No cômputo geral foram isoladas 116 cepas de enteropatógenos bacterianos, destacando-se Aeromonas spp (67,2 por cento) com 9 espécies (A. veronii biogrupo sobria, A. hydrophila, A. sobria, A. trota, A.eucrenophila, A. veronii biog. veronii, A. media, A. caviae e A jandaei) e Aeromonas spp., seguido de Edwardsiella tarda (16,4 por cento), Plesiomonas shigelloides (12,9 por cento) e Salmonella (3,4 por cento). A análise da qualidade da água empregada no sistema revelou, de um modo geral, índices mais elevados de coliformes fecais nos tanques dos peixes (>1800/100 ml).

The presence of bacterial enteropathogens from fishes of a nutrient recycle system from a Experimental Station in Petropolis, RJ, was evaluated in 72 samples from april 2000 to july 2001 Simultaneously was collected the mud used as organic manure and poultry beds localized next to the tanks. The isolation procedures included preenrichment in Peptone Water followed by enrichment with alcaline Peptone Water (pH 8.4-8.6), and streaked onto GSP Agar for the isolation of Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides. For enteropathogenic bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, 1ml samples were transferred for enrichment in Rappaport- Vassiladis broth and Kauffmann Tetrathionate Broth followed by streak onto Hektoen Enteric Agar and Salmonella-Shigella Agar. Simultaneously at each visit samples of water from fish and macrophyte tanks were collected for monitoring faecal coliforms (MPN) using A1 medium. Among the 116 isolates, Aeromonas spp. were the most frequent (67.2 percent) with 9 species (A. veronii, biogroup sobria, A. hidrophila, A. sobria, A. trota, A. eucrenophila, A. veronii biog. veronii, A. media, A. cavia and A. jandaei), followed by Edwardsiella tarda (16.4 percent), Plesiomonas shigelloides (12.9 percent) and Salmonella spp. (3.4 percent). The NMP of fecal coliforms showed higher values in the fish tanks (>1800/100ml).

Plesiomonas shigelloides: um enteropatógeno emergente? / Plesiomonas shigelloides: an emergent enteropathogen?

Plesiomonas shigelloides é um bacilo Gram-negativo, pertencente à família Enterobacteriaceae, isolado de água doce e salgada, de peixes de água doce, mariscos e de inúmeros tipos de animais. Suspeita-se que a maioria das infecções humanas causadas por P. shigelloides, seja veiculada pela água, pois a bactéria está presente em águas não tratadas que são usadas para beber, águas recreacionais ou água para lavar alimentos que são consumidos sem cozimento ou aquecimento. A ingestão de P. shigelloides não causa sempre doença no animal hospedeiro, mas o microrganismo pode permanecer temporariamente como membro transitório não infeccioso da microbiota intestinal. A bactéria é isoladade fezes de pacientes com diarréia, mas algumas vezes também de fezes de indivíduos sem sintomas. A doença causada por P. shigelloides é a gastrenterite, que normalmente é auto-limitante, com febre, calafrio, dor abdominal, náusea, diarréia ou vômito. Em casos graves, as fezes diarréicas podem ser verde-amareladas, espumosas e com presença de sangue. A bactéria pode também causar infecções extra-intestinais. Ademais, pode produzir toxinas e ser invasora. As características utilizadas para considerar P. shigelloides como um enteropatógeno não são totalmente convincentes. Embora seja isolada de pacientes com diarréia e incriminada em vários surtos epidêmicos envolvendo água e alimentos contaminados, não foi possível identificar em muitas amostras de P. shigelloides, associadas com infecções gastrintestinais, um mecanismo de virulência definitivo.

Aislamiento de plesiomonas shigelloides en pacientes con enfermedad diarreica aguda / Isolation of plesiomonas shigelloides cultures of patients with acute diarrheal disease

Plesiomona shigelloides, microorganismo gram negativo perteneciente a la familia Enterobacteriaceae se ha asociado en las últimas décadas a nivel internacional a casos de diarreas e infecciones extraintestinales. Se realizó el presente trabajo para determinar su frecuencia y relación con algunos aspectos epidemiológicos. Se estudiaron 44 cepas aisladas de pacientes con enfermedaddiarreica aguda, desde marzo de 2003 a marzo de 2004 en la ciudad de Camagüey procedentes de diferentes hospitales y del Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología donde se realizó el estudio. Los datos se recogieron mediante encuestas y las variables estudiadas fueron edad, factores de riesgo, duración de las diarreas y otros. Las heces se procesaron según las técnicas del manual de investigaciones de laboratorio de infecciones entéricas agudas. El diagnóstico de P. shigelloides se efectuó por el método de Altwegg y las pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana, según Kirby y Bauer. Los niños menores de cinco años fueron los más afectadas. El consumo de aguas notratadas constituyó el factor de riesgo más importante (72.9 por ciento). Prevalecieron las diarreas líquidasmenores de siete días de duración. Las cepas de P. shigelloides se asociaron más al Vibrio No 01 ymostraron 100 por ciento de sensibilidad al Cloramfenicol con gran resistencia a la Carbenicilina y Ampicillín

Diarrea por plesiomonas spp en paciente inmunocompetente: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Diarrhea by plesiomonas spp in immunocompetent patient: presentation of a medical literature review

Las Plesiomonas es una bacteria gram negativa, anaerobia facultativa, no fermentadora. La incidencia de la infección se desconoce. Las propiedades patogénicas son inciertas hasta ahora. Los síntomas más comunes son: diarrea, dolor abdominal, náuseas, vómitos y fiebre, pudiendo durar hasta 2 semanas y en un 76 por ciento más de 14 días. Se describe en pacientes con VIH positivo y desórdenes hematológicos, e incluso en personas esplenectomizadas. Los antibióticos acortan la duración de los síntomas, siendo sensibles a Cloranfenicol, Aminoglucósidos, TMP/SMS, Fluorquinolonas, Tetraciclina, Cefalosporinas de tercera generación e Imipenem. Se presenta el primer caso en nuestro servicio, de un paciente joven, sin antecedente de ingestión de pescado crudo, con infección por Plesiomonas, sólo sensible a Cefalosporinas de tercera generación e Imipenem, con buena evolución clínica. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 38 años, con paraplejia de miembros inferiores desde el 2001 posterior a herida por arma de fuego. Desde diciembre del 2002, presenta fiebre de 39 grados centígrados con escalosfríos y sudoración concomitante dolor abdominal y evacuaciones líquidas sin moco ni sangre, asociado a hiporexia y pérdida de peso. Sin antecedentes familiares de importancia. Con hábitos tabáquicos, alcohólicos y de ingestión de drogas ilícitas. Promiscuo, heterosexual. Al ingreso se presenta hipertérmico, deshidratado, con escara glútea e intertroncanterea, con dolor abdominal difuso a la palpación, sin visceromegálias, parálisis fláccida, máculas hipocrómicas y edema de miembros inferiores, arreflexia. Con anémia normocítica normocrómica, leucositosis, neutrofilia, sin alteraciones de coagulación e hidroelectrolíticas. Sangre oculta en heces positiva. Con serología VIH, hepatitis B y C negativo, VDRL no reactivo. Coprocultivo reportó Plesiomonas spp. Se trató con cefotaxime egresado con mejoría clínica

Patógenos emergentes (aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio vulnificus e plesiomonas shigelloides) e resistência antimicrobiana em mexilhões na Baía de Guanabara: implicações para a saúde pública / Emergent Patógenos (aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio vulnificus and plesiomonas shigelloides) and resistance antimicrobian in mussels in the Baía de Guanabara: implications for the public health

O ecossistema aquático é habitado por mexilhões, animais filtradores que refletem a qualidade ambiental através da sua análise microbiológica. Neste estudo pretendeu-se avaliar a presença de patógenos, clássicos (Salmonella sp.) e emergentes (Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila e Plesiomonas shigelloides), a partir de mexilhões in natura e pré-cozidos isolados de uma Estação Experimental de Cultivo de Mexilhões situada em Jurujuba, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Embora, não tenha sido identificado o patógeno Salmonella sp., as análises laboratoriais realizadas permitiram o isolamento de diversas espécies de microrganismos pertencentes às famílias Vibrionaceae e Aeromonadaceae, algumas com relevante potencial patogênico (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus e A. hydrophila). Diversos microrganismos isolados apresentaram perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos utilizados na clínica humana (ampicilina, tetraciclina, nitrofurantoína, sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim e pefloxacina). Considerando a relevância epidemiológica dos agentes patogênicos identificados e os resultados obtidos nesta investigação, faz-se urgente alertar as autoridades sanitárias quanto à presença desses patógenos na cadeia alimentar e no ambiente. Dada sua capacidade de causar enfermidades diversas nas populações humanas após consumo de mexilhões in natura ou pré-cozidos, torna-se premente e de extrema importância o desenvolvimento de estratégias de vigilância epidemiológica e sanitária, assegurando, entre outras medidas, o monitoramento constante dos mexilhões oriundos da Baía de Guanabara, no sentido de prevenir ou minimizar os riscos nas diferentes etapas da sua extração e comercialização.

Aislamiento de Plesiomonas shigelloides en un paciente pediátrico / Isolation of Plesiomonas shigelloides from a pediatric patient

We report the isolation of P. shigelloides in the stools of a child with acute diarrhea living in the surroundings of Buenos Aires who usually drank untreated water. P. shigelloides has been implicated as an etiological agent in many sporadic cases of diarrhea, probably associated with drinking untreated water, eating uncooked seafood or foreign travel.

A Case of Septicemia by Plesiomonas shigelloides / 대한임상미생물학회지

Plesiomonas shigelloides is an oxidase-positive, fermentative, gram-negative rod currently classified as a member of the family Vibrionaceae. P. shigelloides has been implicated as the causative agents of gastroenteritis as well as extraintestinal infections such as septicemia, neonatal meningitis, cellulitis, and cholecystitis. Septicemia due to P. shigelloides is very rare but is severe and has been associated with a high mortality rate. We report a case of septicemia caused by P. shigelloides in a 66-year-old male with diabetes mellitus who had diagnosed as liver cirrhosis 7 years before.

Plesiomonas shigelloides una Vibrionaceae en quien pensar / Plesiomonas shigelloides, a Vibrionaceae to be taken into account

The antigenic structure and antimicrobial susceptibility were studied in 99 strains isolated from patients with acute diarrhea (6 strains from an outbreak of digestive transmission disease in Santiago de Cuba) and a strain isolated from a patient who died from infections neurological syndrome (INS, meningitis). Four new serotypes (093, 994, 095, 096), which had not been described in the world classification, were identified from the Cuban isolated strains and were included in the International Serotyping Scheme by the International Reference Center located in Prague, Czech Republic. For the first time in Cuba, the circulation of serotypes 017:H11, 011: H2, 023. H1alc, 057: H3 which show cross reaction to Shiguella species was proved. Those strains from the outbreak of digestive disease belonged to serotype 050: H11 and had a thermostable toxin. The first case of infectious neurologic syndrome with Plesionomas shigelloides etiology reported in Cuba was described; the strain corresponded to serotype 050: H11. The worldwide reported pattern of antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated.

A Case of Bacteremia by Plesiomonas shigelloides / 대한임상미생물학회지

Plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated from blood culture of a 53-year-old man with fever, who had treatment history of gastrointestinal malignancy. The patient showed neither clinical features nor hematological finding which suggest bacteremia. Identification of the isolate was delayed because of its similar characteristics with Aeromonas spp. and other gram-negative bacilli. The isolate was misinterpreted as susceptible to ampicillin by the first disk diffusion test. It may not always easy to identify P. shigelloides by conventional tests and to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility accurately, as laboratorians rarely have experience with the organism and as the organism may show unusual inhibition pattern when tested by disk diffusion method or Etest.

A Case of Bacteremia by Plesiomonas shigelloides / 대한임상미생물학회지

Plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated from blood culture of a 53-year-old man with fever, who had treatment history of gastrointestinal malignancy. The patient showed neither clinical features nor hematological finding which suggest bacteremia. Identification of the isolate was delayed because of its similar characteristics with Aeromonas spp. and other gram-negative bacilli. The isolate was misinterpreted as susceptible to ampicillin by the first disk diffusion test. It may not always easy to identify P. shigelloides by conventional tests and to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility accurately, as laboratorians rarely have experience with the organism and as the organism may show unusual inhibition pattern when tested by disk diffusion method or Etest.

Cytotoxicity of non O1, non O139 Vibrios isolated from fresh water bodies in Vellore, south India.

The samples of plankton, soil sediment and water from a pond, a lake and a moat respectively in and around Vellore were studied for environmental vibrios. Vibrios were isolated from all these specimens after enrichment in alkaline peptone water and subculture on selective media. Non O1, non O139 Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas spp. were isolated. There were no isolates of V. cholerae serogroup O1 and O139. Representative strains of non O1 and non O139 V. cholerae from environmental sources were tested for toxin production in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and Vero cell monolayer in microtitre plates. Thirty-three (91.7%) of the 36 strains tested demonstrated cytopathic effect (CPE) in both cell lines indicating their toxigenicity. PCR done on representative strains of non O1 and non O139 V. cholerae showed that none of the strains were positive for ctx A, tcp A-E and tcp C genes. These results indicate that these non agglutinating environmental vibrios produced cytotoxins other than the cholera toxin.